- Deprecated function: Use of "static" in callables is deprecated in Drupal\user\Entity\Role::postLoad() (line 172 of core/modules/user/src/Entity/Role.php).
Drupal\user\Entity\Role::postLoad(Object, Array) (Line: 423)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->postLoad(Array) (Line: 353)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadMultiple(Array) (Line: 16)
Drupal\user\RoleStorage->isPermissionInRoles('access site in maintenance mode', Array) (Line: 112)
Drupal\Core\Session\UserSession->hasPermission('access site in maintenance mode') (Line: 105)
Drupal\Core\Session\AccountProxy->hasPermission('access site in maintenance mode') (Line: 83)
Drupal\redirect\RedirectChecker->canRedirect(Object) (Line: 120)
Drupal\redirect\EventSubscriber\RedirectRequestSubscriber->onKernelRequestCheckRedirect(Object, 'kernel.request', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.request', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.request') (Line: 145)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-e011e113-afdc-407c-b926-a689e4f03800') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-e011e113-afdc-407c-b926-a689e4f03800') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-e011e113-afdc-407c-b926-a689e4f03800') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-e011e113-afdc-407c-b926-a689e4f03800') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-97e7be57-b607-4378-b744-69cf29c3877b') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-97e7be57-b607-4378-b744-69cf29c3877b') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-97e7be57-b607-4378-b744-69cf29c3877b') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-97e7be57-b607-4378-b744-69cf29c3877b') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-9f55ba7a-08da-45a7-84ce-5c07b4e4bc41') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-9f55ba7a-08da-45a7-84ce-5c07b4e4bc41') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-9f55ba7a-08da-45a7-84ce-5c07b4e4bc41') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-9f55ba7a-08da-45a7-84ce-5c07b4e4bc41') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-a6a5e6b9-7e70-4ac6-99d8-58abf3ea1e85') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-a6a5e6b9-7e70-4ac6-99d8-58abf3ea1e85') (Line: 95)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'file') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-a6a5e6b9-7e70-4ac6-99d8-58abf3ea1e85') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('entity_query') (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 640)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadByProperties(Array) (Line: 63)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityRepository->loadEntityByUuid('file', 'insert-max_800_px-a6a5e6b9-7e70-4ac6-99d8-58abf3ea1e85') (Line: 124)
Drupal\editor\Plugin\Filter\EditorFileReference->process('El escalador <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler.html" target="_blank">sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler</a> aplica un escalado a las características de forma que sea más robusto a los valores atípicos o outliers.
En concreto, RobustScaler realiza dos pasos principales:
<ol><li>
Calcula la mediana y el rango intercuartil (IQR) de cada característica en el conjunto de datos (el IQR es la diferencia entre el percentil 75 y el percentil 25 de los datos). La mediana y el IQR son medidas resistentes a los valores atípicos, lo que significa que no se ven afectados por posibles valores extremos que puedan existir en los datos.
</li>
<li>
Utiliza la mediana y el IQR de cada característica para escalar los datos. En particular, RobustScaler transforma cada valor de la característica restando la mediana de la característica y dividiendo por el IQR de la característica.
</li>
</ol>Apliquémoslo al dataset Iris. Para poder visualizar los datos originales, fijémonos en apenas dos de las características: <em>sepal_length</em> y <em>sepal_width</em>:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = iris["sepal_length"], y = iris["sepal_width"],
c = iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0255.png"></a>
Ahora importemos el escalador, instanciémoslo y transformemos el dataset original (las cuatro características predictivas):
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
scaler = RobustScaler()
transformed_iris = scaler.fit_transform(iris.iloc[:, :4])
Podemos reconstruir el DataFrame original con los nuevos valores y visualizar las primeras muestras:
transformed_iris = pd.DataFrame(transformed_iris)
transformed_iris["species"] = iris["species"]
transformed_iris.columns = iris.columns
transformed_iris.head()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0256.png"></a>
Si mostramos la información estadística del resultado, comprobaremos que, efectivamente, la mediana toma el valor 0 en las cuatro características:
transformed_iris.describe()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0257.png"></a>
Llevemos las dos primeras características predictivas a un diagrama de dispersión para visualizar la distribución de los datos transformados:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
ax.set_aspect("equal")
scatter = ax.scatter(
x = transformed_iris["sepal_length"], y = transformed_iris["sepal_width"],
c = transformed_iris.species.astype("category").cat.codes, zorder = 2, edgecolor = "#999999",
cmap = ListedColormap(["#E67332", "#FADB15", "#4193E5"])
)
ax.set_title("Sepal length vs. Sepal width")
ax.set_xlabel("Sepal length (cm)")
ax.set_ylabel("Sepal width (cm)")
ax.legend(
handles = scatter.legend_elements()[0],
labels = list(iris.species.unique())
)
ax.grid(color = "#EEEEEE", zorder = 1, alpha = 0.9)
plt.show()
<a class="colorbox insert-colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-node" data-insert-class="" data-insert-type="image" href="/sites/default/files/2023-04/tutorial_ml_0258.png"></a>
', 'es') (Line: 118)
Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 88)
__TwigTemplate_a7d6005c89ae729617b9a0c2bccb1776->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 46)
__TwigTemplate_804f7948456cfe20e11a34c43439c7c2->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array, Array) (Line: 43)
__TwigTemplate_bd990293b89f3b78c69fe0ee2f7828b5->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/contrib/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('field', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('node_access') (Line: 51)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array) (Line: 1021)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeCheckAccess(Array, Array) (Line: 701)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeBuild('828', Array) (Line: 567)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeAllData('828', Array, 5) (Line: 792)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeGetFlat(Array) (Line: 109)
Drupal\book\BookOutline->childrenLinks(Array) (Line: 403)
template_preprocess_book_navigation(Array, 'book_navigation', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_book_navigation', Array) (Line: 287)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('book_navigation', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('base_table', 'book') (Line: 52)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array) (Line: 1021)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeCheckAccess(Array, Array) (Line: 701)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeBuild('828', Array) (Line: 567)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeAllData('828', Array, 5) (Line: 792)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeGetFlat(Array) (Line: 109)
Drupal\book\BookOutline->childrenLinks(Array) (Line: 403)
template_preprocess_book_navigation(Array, 'book_navigation', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_book_navigation', Array) (Line: 287)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('book_navigation', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('node_access') (Line: 51)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array) (Line: 1021)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeCheckAccess(Array, Array) (Line: 1179)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookSubtreeData(Array) (Line: 56)
Drupal\book\BookOutline->prevLink(Array) (Line: 407)
template_preprocess_book_navigation(Array, 'book_navigation', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_book_navigation', Array) (Line: 287)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('book_navigation', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('base_table', 'book') (Line: 52)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array) (Line: 1021)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeCheckAccess(Array, Array) (Line: 1179)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookSubtreeData(Array) (Line: 56)
Drupal\book\BookOutline->prevLink(Array) (Line: 407)
template_preprocess_book_navigation(Array, 'book_navigation', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_book_navigation', Array) (Line: 287)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('book_navigation', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('node_access') (Line: 51)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array, 1) (Line: 831)
Drupal\book\BookManager->loadBookLinks(Array, 1) (Line: 823)
Drupal\book\BookManager->loadBookLink('917') (Line: 419)
template_preprocess_book_navigation(Array, 'book_navigation', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_book_navigation', Array) (Line: 287)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('book_navigation', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('base_table', 'book') (Line: 52)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array, 1) (Line: 831)
Drupal\book\BookManager->loadBookLinks(Array, 1) (Line: 823)
Drupal\book\BookManager->loadBookLink('917') (Line: 419)
template_preprocess_book_navigation(Array, 'book_navigation', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_book_navigation', Array) (Line: 287)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('book_navigation', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 479)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 74)
__TwigTemplate_94047fbdba6937b76a4479dfa1763452->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 405)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 378)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 390)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 55)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/yg_aesthetic/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 384)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 433)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 242)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 235)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Return type of Drupal\google_analytics\Component\Render\GoogleAnalyticsJavaScriptSnippet::jsonSerialize() should either be compatible with JsonSerializable::jsonSerialize(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include() (line 10 of modules/contrib/google_analytics/src/Component/Render/GoogleAnalyticsJavaScriptSnippet.php).
include('/var/www/vhosts/interactivechaos.ovh/httpdocs/modules/contrib/google_analytics/src/Component/Render/GoogleAnalyticsJavaScriptSnippet.php') (Line: 578)
Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader::Composer\Autoload\{closure}('/var/www/vhosts/interactivechaos.ovh/httpdocs/modules/contrib/google_analytics/src/Component/Render/GoogleAnalyticsJavaScriptSnippet.php') (Line: 432)
Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader->loadClass('Drupal\google_analytics\Component\Render\GoogleAnalyticsJavaScriptSnippet') (Line: 372)
google_analytics_page_attachments(Array) (Line: 313)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}(Object, 'google_analytics') (Line: 405)
Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler->invokeAllWith('page_attachments', Object) (Line: 310)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->invokePageAttachmentHooks(Array) (Line: 288)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Use of "static" in callables is deprecated in Drupal\user\Entity\Role::postLoad() (line 172 of core/modules/user/src/Entity/Role.php).
Drupal\user\Entity\Role::postLoad(Object, Array) (Line: 423)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->postLoad(Array) (Line: 353)
Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageBase->loadMultiple() (Line: 126)
eu_cookie_compliance_page_attachments(Array) (Line: 313)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}(Object, 'eu_cookie_compliance') (Line: 405)
Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandler->invokeAllWith('page_attachments', Object) (Line: 310)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->invokePageAttachmentHooks(Array) (Line: 288)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 132)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 174)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('entity_type', 'node') (Line: 115)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 167)
Drupal\book\Plugin\Block\BookNavigationBlock->build() (Line: 171)
Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 160)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 159)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlain(Array) (Line: 175)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlaceholder('', Array) (Line: 665)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->replacePlaceholders(Array) (Line: 550)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 148)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderRoot(Array) (Line: 279)
Drupal\Core\Render\HtmlResponseAttachmentsProcessor->renderPlaceholders(Object) (Line: 71)
Drupal\big_pipe\Render\BigPipeResponseAttachmentsProcessor->processAttachments(Object) (Line: 45)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\HtmlResponseSubscriber->onRespond(Object, 'kernel.response', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.response', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.response') (Line: 202)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->filterResponse(Object, Object, 1) (Line: 190)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('node_access') (Line: 145)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->prepare() (Line: 80)
Drupal\Core\Entity\Query\Sql\Query->execute() (Line: 167)
Drupal\book\Plugin\Block\BookNavigationBlock->build() (Line: 171)
Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 160)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 159)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlain(Array) (Line: 175)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlaceholder('', Array) (Line: 665)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->replacePlaceholders(Array) (Line: 550)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 148)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderRoot(Array) (Line: 279)
Drupal\Core\Render\HtmlResponseAttachmentsProcessor->renderPlaceholders(Object) (Line: 71)
Drupal\big_pipe\Render\BigPipeResponseAttachmentsProcessor->processAttachments(Object) (Line: 45)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\HtmlResponseSubscriber->onRespond(Object, 'kernel.response', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.response', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.response') (Line: 202)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->filterResponse(Object, Object, 1) (Line: 190)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterTags is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag() (line 149 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addTag('node_access') (Line: 51)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array) (Line: 1021)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeCheckAccess(Array, Array) (Line: 701)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeBuild('828', Array) (Line: 567)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeAllData('828', Array) (Line: 171)
Drupal\book\Plugin\Block\BookNavigationBlock->build() (Line: 171)
Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 160)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 159)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlain(Array) (Line: 175)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlaceholder('', Array) (Line: 665)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->replacePlaceholders(Array) (Line: 550)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 148)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderRoot(Array) (Line: 279)
Drupal\Core\Render\HtmlResponseAttachmentsProcessor->renderPlaceholders(Object) (Line: 71)
Drupal\big_pipe\Render\BigPipeResponseAttachmentsProcessor->processAttachments(Object) (Line: 45)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\HtmlResponseSubscriber->onRespond(Object, 'kernel.response', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.response', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.response') (Line: 202)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->filterResponse(Object, Object, 1) (Line: 190)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
- Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property Drupal\mysql\Driver\Database\mysql\Select::$alterMetaData is deprecated in Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData() (line 178 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Database/Query/Select.php).
Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select->addMetaData('base_table', 'book') (Line: 52)
Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage->loadMultiple(Array) (Line: 1021)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeCheckAccess(Array, Array) (Line: 701)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeBuild('828', Array) (Line: 567)
Drupal\book\BookManager->bookTreeAllData('828', Array) (Line: 171)
Drupal\book\Plugin\Block\BookNavigationBlock->build() (Line: 171)
Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 101)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 788)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 374)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 160)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 159)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlain(Array) (Line: 175)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderPlaceholder('', Array) (Line: 665)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->replacePlaceholders(Array) (Line: 550)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, 1) (Line: 204)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, 1) (Line: 148)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->Drupal\Core\Render\{closure}() (Line: 580)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 147)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->renderRoot(Array) (Line: 279)
Drupal\Core\Render\HtmlResponseAttachmentsProcessor->renderPlaceholders(Object) (Line: 71)
Drupal\big_pipe\Render\BigPipeResponseAttachmentsProcessor->processAttachments(Object) (Line: 45)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\HtmlResponseSubscriber->onRespond(Object, 'kernel.response', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.response', Object) (Line: 142)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.response') (Line: 202)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->filterResponse(Object, Object, 1) (Line: 190)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 81)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 23)
Stack\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 713)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
